The damage wrought by inept internal investigations can go well beyond wasted time and money; they can cause civil litigation, enforcement risk and, of course, bad publicity.

Consider an internal investigation at IBM. In 2014, James Castelluccio, a former vice president, was awarded millions for wrongful termination. In its decision, the court stated, “There was reason to suspect that the investigation was designed more to exonerate IBM than to determine if Castelluccio was treated fairly.”