Capital market stakeholders across the spectrum are as primed as ever to take action on an issue that affects us all: cyber-security. Fifty percent of U.S. chief executives say they are “extremely concerned” about cyber threats, according to a recent survey by PwC. Boards of directors are engaged on the issue, while investors overwhelmingly perceive cyber-security attacks as one the biggest risks to their portfolios. For policymakers at home and overseas, cyber-security continues to climb the list of priorities.

This rising cyber-awareness is necessary and fitting, given the urgency of confronting cyber-security threats and the astonishing aggregate cost of today’s cyber-attacks. Yet, as momentum picks up, we must carefully consider our overall approach to cyber-security risk management—there are several possible paths ahead. Moreover, cyber-security is particularly challenging terrain, given its complex and shifting nature. Organizations face varying threats and actors, all in the context of relentless and rapid technological change.

So, which path should we choose through this difficult landscape? What should be our model for addressing cyber-security challenges? Here are three key points to consider.

First, our approach to cyber-security risk management should be principles-based, setting the focus on an end result and letting the private sector bring to bear its agility, energy, and innovation to achieve that result. For cyber-security, one critical objective should be enabling companies to establish robust cyber-security risk management programs that are tailored to their particular situations, needs, risk appetite, and threats faced.

Yet, accomplishing that objective becomes increasingly difficult if overly prescriptive regulations or standards force companies to meet a raft of requirements that align poorly with their businesses and risks. At that point, cyber-security risk management devolves into a burdensome compliance exercise, one in which merely checking boxes becomes a resource-draining end in itself. That’s certainly a path we should avoid.

Second, a sound approach to cyber-security should build on and leverage the good work that has already been done in this area. Several organizations have developed cyber-security management frameworks—such as those put forward by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)—to help organizations manage cyber-security risk.

As momentum picks up, we must carefully consider our overall approach to cyber-security risk management—there are several possible paths ahead. Moreover, cyber-security is particularly challenging terrain, given its complex and shifting nature. Organizations face varying threats and actors, all in the context of relentless and rapid technological change.

Third, we need to incent positive action. Companies should be rewarded for making good faith efforts to protect against cyber-security breaches, to detect cyber-threats, and to remediate in a timely manner following a breach.

While a broad-based consensus may not have formed around the three-point approach outlined above, there has been promising movement in that direction. Recently, the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) unveiled an entity-level cyber-security reporting framework through which organizations can communicate useful information about their cyber-security risk management program to a broad range of stakeholders, including boards of directors, senior management, investors, and others.

The AICPA’s reporting framework has three key components: The first is Management’s Description of the entity’s cyber-security risk management program, based on suitable criteria. The second is Management’s Assertion to the presentation of their description and to the effectiveness of controls implemented to achieve the entity’s cyber-security objectives. Finally, the AICPA framework includes a CPA’s Opinion on that description and the effectiveness of the controls to meet the entity’s cyber-security objectives.

The AICPA’s reporting framework is principles-based and voluntary, and companies do not need to implement all three of its components at once. Rather than prescribing specific requirements, its description criteria set forth the types of policies and procedures that companies can adopt for cyber-security risk management. With the aid of the criteria, companies can decide what works best for them.

What’s more, the AICPA framework leverages existing cyber-security and risk management structures. It maps to commonly used cyber-security risk management frameworks—such as NIST and ISO—and aligns to the 2013 COSO Internal Control - Integrated Framework so cyber-security can be integrated with company’s broader enterprise risk management efforts.

Finally, and no less important, the AIPCA approach incents companies to take action. While the framework cannot guarantee against cyber-attacks, it offers companies the benefit of an independent, objective opinion on their cyber-security risk management. In addition to bolstering the company’s own confidence, that independent opinion can provide decision-useful information to other key constituencies, including directors and investors.

The AICPA’s cyber-security risk reporting framework is a step toward harnessing the power of the private sector, making the most of existing resources, and increasing the confidence of investors and other stakeholders. It represents progress down a sound path forward for cyber-security.

A former Deputy Director of Investment Management at the SEC and Senior Vice-President at Bank of America, Cindy Fornelli has served as the Executive Director of the Center for Audit Quality since its establishment in 2007.

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